7. TAX EXPENSE
 
  2019
R’m		   2018
R’m		  
Current income tax        
   Current year 990   1 007  
   Prior year underprovision 25   16  
Deferred income tax        
   Origination and reversal of temporary differences (270)   (99)  
   Prior year overprovision (5)   (1)  
Withholding taxes 95   –  
Total tax expense 835   923  
   2019 
% 		   2018 
% 		  
Reconciliation of the tax rate           
South African normal tax rate  28.00    28.00   
Adjustments for non-cash items:           
   Income not taxable – profit on sale of property, plant and equipment and investments  (9.83)   (0.15)  
   Income not taxable – partnerships  (0.36)   (0.48)  
   Income not taxable – gain on derecognition of lease assets and liabilities  –    (0.78)  
   Expenses not deductible – associate loss  –    1.10   
   Expenses not deductible – impairment of intangible assets and investment  0.28    0.28   
   Expenses not deductible – interest on preference shares  1.15    2.21   
   Expenses not deductible – interest on borrowings and acquisition costs  0.48    0.79   
   Other  (1.09)   (0.54)  
   Deferred tax through other comprehensive income  0.56    –   
   Prior year underprovision  0.81    0.54   
   Withholding taxes  2.57    0.02   
   Assessed losses previously not recognised  (1.67)   0.27   
   Impact of different international tax rates  1.62    1.27   
Effective rate  22.52    32.53   

The Group has raised deferred tax on estimated tax losses of R622 million (2018: R256 million) available to offset against future taxable income. Tax losses of R64 million (2018: R26 million) were utilised during the year.